In the modern world, many of the old terms have changed in
the realms of science and art alike. For instance, today we can see the old
ancient alchemical symbols widely used by modern sciences such as Chemistry and
Astronomy. Remaining the same, the terms, however, have gained new perspectives.
Finally, in the instrumental theatre, apart from the style which replaces the well-known image of the stage, a pianist is not only a piano player but also a work “Executor”, according to the composer's plan. The “executor” can also play other instruments besides the piano. He/she can perform various artistic roles on the stage; he can also be a part of a musical performance on the stage. Therefore, it is apprehended that the image of a pianist who only performs music has changed. The “Executor” means, he is more than just a pianist. The new kind of a musician must not only possess certain pianistic abilities, but should also bear some stage performance capabilities. “Executor”, being on and back the stage, must carry out the missions and roles, and act according to the composer's desires or the requirements imposed by a composition.
Instrumental Theatre is frequently seen among the works of Mauricio Kagel and Karlheinz Stockhausen. Faradj Karaev's "Der Stand der Dinge"(1991) can also be viewed as an example.
Such trends have also widely expanded into the
world of art. Many of the old concepts from classical to neoclassical, modern
to postmodern, from tonal to serial music have been renewed and acquired new
formats.
Today's musical performance has its share in these changing trends. Altogether, instrumental performance with its three centuries of history has changed significantly.
Our purpose on this issue is to discuss the changes in the piano performance. Pianism has evolved from playing the harpsichord to clavichord, then to the piano in a little while. Even though the main principles have remained the same, the performances on these instruments have become different. So, the modern piano has its today's form as a result of numerous modifications. Many parts of the piano like hammer mechanism, mufflers, main options, pedal mechanism and note symbols have changed during the passing years.
Such alterations on the instrumental piano performance can be traced in every period: the polyphony of Bach in the Baroque Period, the Sonatas of Beethoven in the Classical Period, and Chopin’s and Liszt's altered concepts of virtuosity in the Romantic Period.
Today, a piano composition and performance have undergone a few important developments. To look at these...
-Op. 23 (piano pieces), composed in 1923 by Arnold Schoenberg who applied the serial technique;
-“Bacchanale”, presented by John Cage in 1938 as a "Prepared Piano";
-Moreover, in 1952 John Cage in his work “4'33” presented the meaning and the concept of a “Performance”;
-In 1960's, electronic music was initiated by Mauricio Kagel and the concept of “Instrumental Theatre” was born;
-The Term of “Amplified Piano” and a “Graphical Notation” was introduced by George Crumb in 1970's;
-“Aleatoric "- Controlled Random Music introduced by Karlheinz Stockhausen in 1970-80 in the XX c.c.
“Prepared” and “Amplified” techniques have affected piano performances most distinctly. These techniques have greatly influenced the accustomed characteristics of a pianist's classical performance. “Prepared Piano” is compromised by pianist's installation of various objects amongst the piano strings before the concert. Different objects alter the sound of the piano from one piece of music to another piece unrecognizably. Composer usually indicates the objects to be used (metal, glass, tire, etc.) in the score of a music piece. The changing of the voice of the piano is actually programmed. John Cage's “Sonatas and Interludes” (1946-48) can be provided as an example.
In “Amplified Piano”, the techniques, apart from the keys that the pianist presses, facilitate and secure different voices and effects on the strings, on the cover and on the metal frame of the instrument. Such various effects are indicated in the score but, as distinct from the prepared piano, they are not permanent. A pianist can leave the strings and continue playing with the ordinary keys (“ord.” - “ordinaro”). The voice of the piano is not programmed until the end of the concert. George Crumb's "Macrocosmos I” and “II” (1972-73) can be brought as the examples of such kind of music. Each of the techniques present different voice ranges (diapasons).
Today's musical performance has its share in these changing trends. Altogether, instrumental performance with its three centuries of history has changed significantly.
Our purpose on this issue is to discuss the changes in the piano performance. Pianism has evolved from playing the harpsichord to clavichord, then to the piano in a little while. Even though the main principles have remained the same, the performances on these instruments have become different. So, the modern piano has its today's form as a result of numerous modifications. Many parts of the piano like hammer mechanism, mufflers, main options, pedal mechanism and note symbols have changed during the passing years.
Such alterations on the instrumental piano performance can be traced in every period: the polyphony of Bach in the Baroque Period, the Sonatas of Beethoven in the Classical Period, and Chopin’s and Liszt's altered concepts of virtuosity in the Romantic Period.
Today, a piano composition and performance have undergone a few important developments. To look at these...
-Op. 23 (piano pieces), composed in 1923 by Arnold Schoenberg who applied the serial technique;
-“Bacchanale”, presented by John Cage in 1938 as a "Prepared Piano";
-Moreover, in 1952 John Cage in his work “4'33” presented the meaning and the concept of a “Performance”;
-In 1960's, electronic music was initiated by Mauricio Kagel and the concept of “Instrumental Theatre” was born;
-The Term of “Amplified Piano” and a “Graphical Notation” was introduced by George Crumb in 1970's;
-“Aleatoric "- Controlled Random Music introduced by Karlheinz Stockhausen in 1970-80 in the XX c.c.
“Prepared” and “Amplified” techniques have affected piano performances most distinctly. These techniques have greatly influenced the accustomed characteristics of a pianist's classical performance. “Prepared Piano” is compromised by pianist's installation of various objects amongst the piano strings before the concert. Different objects alter the sound of the piano from one piece of music to another piece unrecognizably. Composer usually indicates the objects to be used (metal, glass, tire, etc.) in the score of a music piece. The changing of the voice of the piano is actually programmed. John Cage's “Sonatas and Interludes” (1946-48) can be provided as an example.
In “Amplified Piano”, the techniques, apart from the keys that the pianist presses, facilitate and secure different voices and effects on the strings, on the cover and on the metal frame of the instrument. Such various effects are indicated in the score but, as distinct from the prepared piano, they are not permanent. A pianist can leave the strings and continue playing with the ordinary keys (“ord.” - “ordinaro”). The voice of the piano is not programmed until the end of the concert. George Crumb's "Macrocosmos I” and “II” (1972-73) can be brought as the examples of such kind of music. Each of the techniques present different voice ranges (diapasons).
Finally, in the instrumental theatre, apart from the style which replaces the well-known image of the stage, a pianist is not only a piano player but also a work “Executor”, according to the composer's plan. The “executor” can also play other instruments besides the piano. He/she can perform various artistic roles on the stage; he can also be a part of a musical performance on the stage. Therefore, it is apprehended that the image of a pianist who only performs music has changed. The “Executor” means, he is more than just a pianist. The new kind of a musician must not only possess certain pianistic abilities, but should also bear some stage performance capabilities. “Executor”, being on and back the stage, must carry out the missions and roles, and act according to the composer's desires or the requirements imposed by a composition.
Instrumental Theatre is frequently seen among the works of Mauricio Kagel and Karlheinz Stockhausen. Faradj Karaev's "Der Stand der Dinge"(1991) can also be viewed as an example.